Students of United States history,seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements,have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social condition that affected the status of women.These historians,however,have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.Furthermore,the ideological origins of feminism in the United State have been obscured because,even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States,they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe.American feminist activists who have been described as"solitary"and"individual theorists"were in reality connected to a movement—uTOPian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls,New York,in 1848.Thus,a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.
The earliest and most popular of the uTOPian socialists were the Saint-Simonians.The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has,however,been less studied than the group's contribution to early socialism.This is regrettable on two counts.By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents'energy;hence,by ignoring its feminism,European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism.Moreover,since many feminist ideas can be traced to saint-simonianism European historians'appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.
Saint-Simon's followers,many of whom were women,based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers.The new world order would be ruled together by a male,to represent reflection,and a female,to represent sentiment.This complementarity reflects the fact that,while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women,they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their uTOPia.
only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction.This minority believe that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character,and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education.The envisioned result of both currents of thought,however,was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.
1.The author mentions all of the following as characteristic of the Saint-Simonians EXCEPT _____
A.The group included many women among its members.
B.The group believed in a world that would be characterized by sexual equality.
C.The group was among the earliest European socialist groups.
D.Most members believed that women and men were inherently similar in ability and character.
参考答案：D
参考分析：这是一道总结推导题。但本题的题干确没明确给出本题在原文中的准确信息来源。这个时候考生就会迷失答卷思路。请同学们必须要记住：每当自己迷失答卷思路时，必须要多想一想全文的中心主旨句和每段的主题句，这会帮助考生探寻到解题的思路。本题的正确答案应该是D，由于选项D所表达的内容和本文尾段1、二句所表达的内容相反。选项A、B、C的内容分别在第三段第一句、第三段第二句与第二段首句涉及。考生在解题时必须要牢记段落主题句。
2.It can be inferred that the author consider those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as"solitary"to be _____
A.insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought.
B.overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848.
C.not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scope.
D.insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference.
参考答案：A
参考分析：本题是一道标点符号题。通过本题题干中的"solitary"一词可将本题的答案信息中心确定在第一段第十行即第一段第四句话，通过仔细阅读和理解本句话与本句前后的两句话，可以得出本题的正确选项A.其实美国的女权主义运动者并不“孤单”（solitary），由于她们的思想和行动是和欧洲国内的女权主义者有着千丝万缕的联系，是国际女权运动的一部分。考生在解题时要擅长理解标点符号，更要擅长对原文的细节进行推导。
3.The author's attitude toward European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of _____
A.approval of the specific focus of their research.
B.disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians'energy after 1832.
C.approval of their general focus on social conditions.
D.disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts.
参考答案：B
参考分析：本题是一道细节推导题。依据本题题干中的"European historians"可将本题的答案信息来源飞速确定在第二段第四句，通过阅读本句分号前后的内容，可以推导出作者的态度是相反的，其否定缘由是第二段第四句分号前半部分所表达的内容。本题的正确答案应该是B.考生在解题时必须要注意原文细节的推导，特别是分句之间存在因果关系的时候。
4.According to the text,which of the following would be the most accurate description of the society envisioned by most Saint-Simonians?
A.A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive education.
B.A society in which the two genders played complementary roles and had equal status.
C.A society in which women did not enter public life.
D.A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of their spiritual power.
参考答案：B
参考分析：这是一道反推题。通过本题题干中的"most Saint-Simonians"可将本题的答案信息来源飞速确定在尾段的第一句。依据尾段第一句进行反推即逆向思维，可得出本题的正确答案是B.考生在解题时必须要时时牢记反推题型，并且常常借助我们的逆向思维能力。
5.It can be inferred from the text that the Saint-Simonians envisioned a uTOPian society having which of the following characteristics?
A.It would be worldwide.
B.It would emphasize dogmatic religious principles.
C.It would most influence the United States.
D.It would have armies composed of women rather than of men.
参考答案：A
参考分析：这是一道审题定位题。从本题题干中的"envisioned"（设想，预想）一词可将本题的答案信息来源飞速确定在倒数第二段第一句和第二句，由于倒数第二段第一句含有"project"（计划，规划）一词，倒数第二段第二句含有表示将来的"would"一词。通过仔细阅读倒数第二段的1、二句话，发现这两句话都包括"globe"或"world"，可见本题的正确选项应该是A.考生在解题时必须要擅长借助题干中的词汇飞速而准确地进行审题定位。
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